Dr. Genoveva Ochoa

Breast cancer is without doubt one of the major health problems in women.

The world is presented annually about 1 million new cases. In Mexico, is the second leading cause of death and only the cancer beyond the cervix. 27 women a day are detected and 10 of them die from this cause. Breast cancer is a public health problem.
Are not known with certainty and 60% of cases it’s a risk factor such as:
Early menstruation, first pregnancy after age 35 years, no pregnancies, lack of breast feeding, late menopause, diet high in sugar, consumption of animal fat, obesity, hormonal nas after menopause.
Breast cancer does not have the same behavior in all patients as well as its growth, because some tumors double in size within a few days while others may take longer.
Breast cancer begins in a localized and is usually manifested by a tumor patients report the presence of a “ball” or pain. Other symptoms include dimpling or nipple retraction. There may also be orange skin, redness, ulceration or swelling of the skin, blood discharge from the nipple.

Diagnosis

The mammography is the best method of detection, but it may take a year before a tumor is evident. 1-2 In patients the tumors can be detected in the mammography, self-exploration is as important as mammography and today are the tools available and globally acceptable for the early detection of breast cancer.

Treatment of Breast Cancer

Spoke at least three specialists for the sound management: medical oncologist, surgical oncologist, radiation oncologist. The choice of treatment to follow is complex and depends on several factors such as clinical stage (extent of disease), age, pre-or postmenopausal status, overall, the location of the tumor characteristics of tumor cells. The most important factor is tumor size and extent.
REMEMBER THE BEST IS THE EARLY DETECTION, please check your breasts every month (1 WEEK AFTER THE RULE) and make your mammogram every year.

This cancer is the fifth more common in women

nd responsible for more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. In Mexico, ranks third among malignant by frequency in women.

Etymology

Has not yet identified any specific carcinogen, have documented the following risk factors: family history of ovarian cancer and breast cancer, colon cancer, nulliparity, infertility and fertility stimulant use, high-fat diet and radiation exposure , asbestos or talc.

Clinical Manifestations

The early diagnosis is rare and is set so incidental and accidental in a patient asistomática, this is because the symptoms are uncommon because there is no disease outside the ovaries and pelvis. The CA-125 is elevated in less than half of the early clinical stages. Most cases are diagnosed in advanced stages, the manifestations include constipation, increased urination, bloating, early satiety, abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain, may have inguinal (groin balls).
All patients with suspected ovarian cancer should have the core laboratory studies, addition of serum tumor marker CA-125 and chest X-ray, ultrasound and pelvic computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis support the diagnosis of an ovarian tumor , complementing both studies.

Diagnosis

Thorax Rx, pelvic ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis Ovarian Cancer support the diagnosis of an ovarian tumor, complementing both studies.

Dissemination

The cancer spread occurs by direct extension into the rectum, sigmoid colon, uterus, annexes, small intestine and bladder through transcelómica, which is the main route of spread, namely peritoneal implants of tumor cells that are distributed and implemented by of peritoneal fluid circulation and lymphatic spread to the pelvic and para-aortic regional lymph nodes.

Treatment

The choice of treatment depends largely on the type of cancer and stage of disease. The main treatments for ovarian cancer are surgery and chemotherapy. In most cases, recommended the two treatment modalities.

It is the most common cancer among men

Risk Factors

Increasing age is a risk factor. Rarely occurs before age 40 and is more common to 60años. Other factors include: obesity, limited physical activity, benign prostate growth, virus (HPV, herpes and cytomegalovirus).

dissemination

The most common sites of bone metástasisson.

Clinical Manifestations

The localized prostate cancer shows no symptoms, DRE findings could have induration or loss of symmetry of the gland. When there are symptoms, are due to urinary obstruction and secondary infection.
The disease occurs most advanced bladder obstruction manifested by blood in the urine, urinary tract infections. It can cause leg inchazón invasions by the nodes in the groin and bone pain.
Early detection methods are: the measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test (DRE) has increased detection of cancer. If the cancer is detected early is curable.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on the findings of digital rectal examination, PSA values and transrectal ultrasound.

Treatment

The disease confined to the prostate is treated with surgery or radiation therapy in some patients are factors that predict relapse and require radiation therapy, hormone therapy or both. Locally advanced disease have a better response with a combination of radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Disseminated disease is treated with hormone blockade.

Forecast

The most important factor to evaluate the prognosis is the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). In general, 60 to 75% of patients survive + 10 years.

The risk increases with age.

Is malignant formation begins in the lining of the rectum or colon. In Mexico is in second place by frequency among cancers of the digestive tract.

Etymology

Colorectal cancer is due to diet factors. The fat promotes carcinogenesis. The people who consume large quantities of fat has increased secretion of bile salts and increased incidence of colorectal cancers.
Other factors are: The high consumption of alcohol (+ 30ml x days), smoking and obesity.
The intake of fiber, calcium, vitamin C, E, selenium and anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin) reduce colorectal cancer risk.
The removal of polyps prevents development decreases the incidence of bowel cancer.

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms are palpable mass, vague abdominal pain and anemia can cause weakness, fatigue and weight loss. Left colon tumors present with manifestations of partial or complete intestinal obstruction, with colicky pain.
It is common to the decrease in the size of the stool (feces intestine) and hematochezia (blood in stool). Metastases (site of cancer spread) affects the liver, abdomen and lung

Forecast

The healing of patients with colorectal cancer is mainly determined by the extent of disease at diagnosis. 20% of patients present with metastatic disease when diagnosed, and 35-40% had regional involvement.
disease at diagnosis. 20% of patients present with metastatic disease when diagnosed, and 35-40% have regional affectation. Colorectal Cancer

Treatment

The surgery, which includes the recession of the primary tumor and lymph-margin near large (colectomy) is the only curative treatment of colorectal cancer. This treatment is possible in 70% of patients diagnosed.

Chemotherapy

The overall survival of patients undergoing curative recession colon cancer is 50-70% at 5 years. Relapse occurs in approximately half of the patients and causes of death.
Therefore, the preventive treatment (chemotherapy after surgery) with the aim of diminish the risk of relapse is as important as the surgery itself.

Acute Leukemias

A combination of different diseases in origin, evolution, genetic abnormalities, clinical features, therapeutic response and prognosis.
Acute leukemia is a malignant growth of the cell that produces blood loses its capacity for differentiation and maturation generates an undifferentiated mass of these elements in the blood, bone marrow and other tissues.
They are divided into 2 groups according to subtype of cell that became malignant (malignant) lymphoid and myeloid Lymphoid leukemia is more common in children and infants younger than 14 years and the myeloid Lucemia is the variety most common in adulthood and maturity.

Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms are associated with lack of blood and include fatigue, bleeding, infection or fever, joint pain and bone pain. The malignant cells can be nested in the liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), skin, lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), bone, gums and brain.
For the diagnosis of acute leukemia is essential to make an analysis of the bone marrow (blood sample taken from the bone).

Treatment

The initial aim of treatment of acute leukemia is to destroy cancer cells and prevent relapse. Advances in treatment and supportive care over the past three decades have led to improved prognosis.
The goal of chemotherapy is the rapid restoration of hematopoiesis (blood production) Chemotherapy aims at reducing the population of leukemic cells.

Limfoma Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin

Are malignant lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes are filters that clean the blood). Hematologic malignancy was the first described since 1832, and also the first to be considered with the possibility of healing in the sixties, with the combined chemotherapy regimen.
The main clinical manifestations of lymphomas is the growth of the glands in the neck, armpit, English; Pruritus (itching), sweating and sometimes fever.
Patients with localized lymphoma can be cured with chemotherapy and radiotherapy Treatment options at each stage of the disease should be planned individually for each patient.
The cure of lymphoma ranges from 50-90%

Neck Cancer of the Womb (Cervix)

Every minute there is a new case and every two minutes a woman dies of breast cancer. 80% of cases occur in developing countries, lack of adherence to screening programs, in these countries the incidence of this cancer ranks first and is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors in women.
Cervical cancer (CC) is a public health problem even though it is a long-standing disease, controllable and curable through modification of risk factors, early detection, diagnosis and treatment.
Lack of access to early detection multiplies the effect of high rates of infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), the most important underlying cause of this cancer.
In Mexico, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women. It is known that two hours a woman dies from this cause and that most of them had never been subjected to a smear cytology. (Papanicolaou)

Demonstrations

Manifestations related to the spread of the disease. The first symptom of invasive cervical cancer is vaginal bleeding, postcoital, intermenstrual or postmenopausal. For the flow tends to produce tumor necrosis serosanguineous serous or smelly. In small tumors are subtle manifestations.

Diagnosis

Early detection is with PAPANICOLAOU This method allows to detect from the absence of injury, disease and inflammatory changes across the spectrum of mild, moderate and severe, cancer in situ and invasive cancer. Importantly, any finding on cytology of severe dysplasia should be confirmed by colposcopy and directed biopsy study.

Treatment

Is multimodal (involving several specialist) could include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and sometimes their combination.

In men, it is the leading cause of cancer death in women and ranks fifth.

Lung cancer is divided into two main types: lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer small cell. Lung cancer is non-small cell most common lung cancer and small cell, in general, grows and spreads more slowly

Etiology

Smoking causes 80% of lung malignancies, but varies with time and intensity of exposure. Quitting smoking after the habit of keeping less than 30 years reduces the risk of gradually: at 15 years the risk is close to that observed in the general population.

Cigarettes

The snuff carcinogens damage the cells of the lungs. Over time, damaged cells may become cancerous. The probability that a smoker will develop lung cancer is affected by the age at which smoking began, by the time the person has smoked, the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the force with which the smoker inhales. Quitting smoking greatly reduces a person’s risk of developing lung cancer. People who smoke cigars and pipes also have a greater risk than nonsmokers. The possibility of developing lung cancer also increases with snuff smoke exposure in the environment (secondhand smoke)
Most are symptomatic at diagnosis. The demonstrations come from the primary tumor, metastatic disease or paraneoplastic syndromes. Symptoms of the primary tumor are present in a quarter of cases.

Clinical Manifestations

The common signs and symptoms of lung cancer are:
• Cough that does not go away and worsens over time.
• Constant chest pain.
• Hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
• Wheezing, hoarseness, or shortness of breath.
• Pneumonia or bronchitis that are repeated.
• H inchazón of cuellol and expensive.
• Weight loss or lack of appetite.
• Fatigue.

Pattern of spread

Direct extension of cancer causes commitment of the pleura, large vessels, pericardium, diaphragm, chest wall and spine. metastasize to lymph bronchial, hilar and mediastinal, bone, adrenal and brain.

Treatment

Depends on a number of factors, including the type of lung cancer (small cell or small), size, or extension site, and general health. Your can use different treatments and combinations to control lung cancer or to improve the quality of life by reducing symptoms.